El dilema clínico frente a los pacientes con ergometría positiva y prueba de perfusión miocárdica con SPECT normal / The clinical dilemma facing patients with positive stress test and normal SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging

La evaluación de la perfusión miocárdica con SPECT combina una prueba de esfuerzo (ergometría o estrés farmacológico) junto a imágenes de perfusión con radioisótopos. Este estudio es útil para establecer el diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial coronaria, estratificar el riesgo de infarto y tomar decisiones terapéuticas. Un resultado normal aporta un alto valor predictivo negativo, es decir, una muy baja probabilidad de que el paciente presente eventos cardiovasculares. El hallazgo de signos de isquemia en la ergometría podría poner en jaque el valor predictivo negativo de una perfusión normal. En presencia de este resultado, el paso siguiente es evaluar los predictores de riesgo en la ergometría, el riesgo propio del paciente en función de los antecedentes clínicos y el puntaje cálcico coronario, cuando este se encuentra disponible. Ante la presencia concomitante de otros marcadores de riesgo se sugiere completar la evaluación con un estudio anatómico.El uso de nuevas tecnologías podría mejorar la precisión en la predicción de eventos. (AU)

Assessment of myocardial perfusion with SPECT combines a stress test (ergometry or pharmacological stress) with radioisotope perfusion imaging. This test is helpful to diagnose coronary artery disease, stratify the risk of heart attack, and make therapeutic decisions. A normal result provides a high negative predictive value; therefore, the probability of cardiovascular events is very low. Signs of ischemia on an ergometry could jeopardize the negative predictive value of normal perfusion. In this clinical setting, the next step is to evaluate the risk predictors in the stress test, the individual risk based on the clinical history, and the coronary calcium score when available. Given the simultaneous presence of other risk markers,completing the evaluation with an anatomical study is suggested. The use of new technologies could improve the accuracy of event prediction. (AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de los tumores de la unión esofagogástrica. Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Diagnosis and treatment of esophagogastric junction tumors. Experience at the National Cancer Institute

Introducción. El diagnóstico adecuado de los tumores de la unión esofagogástrica es esencial para el tratamiento de estos pacientes. La clasificación propuesta por Siewert-Stein define las características propias, factores de riesgo y estrategias quirúrgicas según la localización. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características de los pacientes con adenocarcinoma de la unión esofagogástrica tratados en nuestra institución. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, de corte longitudinal, que incluyó los pacientes con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de la unión esofagogástrica intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, entre enero de 2012 y mayo de 2017. Resultados. Se operaron 59 pacientes (84,7 % hombres), con una edad media de 62,5 años. En su orden de frecuencia los tumores fueron tipo II (57,6 %), tipo III (30,7 %) y tipo I (11,9 %). El 74,6 % recibieron neoadyuvancia y se realizó gastrectomía total en el 73 % de los pacientes. La concordancia diagnóstica moderada con índice Kappa fue de 0,56, difiriendo con la endoscópica en 33,9 %. El 10,2 % de los pacientes presentó algún tipo de complicación intraoperatoria. La supervivencia a tres años en los tumores tipo II fue del 89,6 % y del 100 % en aquellos con respuesta patológica completa. Conclusión. Es necesario el uso de diferentes estrategias para un proceso diagnóstico adecuado en los tumores de la unión esofagogástrica. En esta serie, los pacientes Siewert II, aquellos que recibieron neoadyuvancia y los que obtuvieron una respuesta patológica completa, tuvieron una mejor supervivencia a tres años

Introduction: Proper diagnosis of gastroesophageal junction tumors is essential for the treatment of these patients. The classification proposed by Siewert-Stein defines its own characteristics, risk factors and surgical strategies according to the location. This study describes the characteristics of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction treated at our institution. Methods. Retrospective, descriptive, longitudinal study, which includes patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction who underwent surgery at the National Cancer Institute in Bogotá, Colombia, between January 2012 and May 2017. Results. Fifty-nine patients (84.7% men) were operated on, with a mean age of 62.5 years. In their order of frequency, the tumors were type II (57.6%), type III (30.7%) and type I (11.9%). 74.6% received neoadjuvant therapy and total gastrectomy was performed in 73% of the cases. The moderate diagnostic concordance with the Kappa index was 0.56, differing from the endoscopic one in 33.9%. 10.2% of the patients presented some type of intraoperative complication. Three-year survival in type II tumors was 89.6% and 100% in those with complete pathologic response. Conclusion. The use of different strategies is necessary for an adequate diagnostic process in tumors of the esophagogastric junction. In this series, Siewert II patients, those who received neoadjuvant therapy, and those who obtained a complete pathological response had a better three-year survival

Ventajas de la secuenciación de próxima generación sobre la hibridación fluorescente in situ para detectar la codeleción 1p/19q en oligodendrogliomas / Advantages of next generation sequencing over fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect 1p/19q codeletion in oligodendroglioma / Vantagens do sequenciamento de próxima geração sobre a hibridização fluorescente in situ para detectar codeleção 1p/19q em oligodendrogliomas

El perfil molecular de los gliomas permite garantizar la precisión del diagnóstico, informar el pronóstico e identificar opciones de tratamiento. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo exponer que con la secuenciación de próxima generación (NSG) el diagnóstico de los pacientes con oligodendrogliomas puede ser más exacto. Además, con un dispositivo de diagnóstico in vitro, basado en la NSG (F1CDx), en el que se utilizan los bloques de parafina de gliomas para analizar hasta 395 genes relacionados con cáncer (incluido IDH 1 y 2), se puede también informar la pérdida de la totalidad del brazo corto del cromosoma 1 y del brazo largo del cromosoma 19 (codeleción 1p/19q), a diferencia de la hibridación fluorescente in situ (FISH) que detecta desde la más mínima deleción, lo cual los hace sensibles pero no específicos ya que el FISH es incapaz de distinguir entre la pérdida de la totalidad del brazo del cromosoma y una deleción focal. Esta distinción es importante ya que la sobrevida es inferior en tumores con deleción parcial en rela­ción con los oligodendrogliomas, que tienen por definición la pérdida total de ambos cromosomas. Se hace también alusión a otras plataformas genómicas como GlioSeq y GLIO-DNA panel, que pueden cumplir la misma función. En conclusión, la F1CDx puede determinar con precisión 1p/19q con una concordancia del 96.7% frente a FISH. Los casos en que el FISH dio positivo y no concordaban con F1CDx, era porque no se trataba de oligodendrogliomas. F1CDx también analiza todos los genes que permiten la aproximación más exacta al diagnóstico de oligodendroglioma.

Molecular profiling of gliomas helps ensure diagnostic accuracy, inform prognosis, and identify treatment options. This review aims to show that with next generation sequencing (NGS) the diagnosis of patients with oligodendrogliomas can be more accurate. In addition, with an in vitro diagnostic device, based on NSG (F1CDx), in which glioma paraffin blocks are used to analyze up to 395 cancer-related genes (including IDH 1 and 2), it is also possible to report the loss of the entire short arm of chromosome 1 and the long arm of chromosome 19 (1p/19q codeletion), unlike fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that detects even the slightest deletion, making them sensitive but not specific, as FISH is unable to distinguish between the loss of the entire arm of the chromosome and a focal deletion. This distinction is important since survival is lower in tumors with partial deletion compared to oligodendrogliomas, which by definition have the total loss of both chromosomes. Reference is also made to other genomic platforms such as GlioSeq and GLIO-DNA panel, which can fulfill the same function. In conclusion, the F1CDx can accurately determine 1p/19q with a concordance of 96.7% against FISH. The cases in which the FISH was positive and did not agree with F1CDx, it was because they were not oligodendrogliomas. F1CDx also analyzes all the genes that allow the most accurate approach to the diagnosis of oligodendroglioma.

O perfil molecular de gliomas ajuda a garantir a precisão do diagnóstico, informar o prognóstico e identificar as opções de tratamento. Esta revisão tem como objetivo mostrar que com o sequenciamento de próxima geração (NSG) o diagnóstico de pacientes com oligodendrogliomas pode ser mais preciso. Além disso, com um dispositivo de diagnóstico in vitro baseado em NSG (F1CDx), no qual blocos de parafina de glioma são usados para analisar até 395 genes relacionados ao câncer (incluindo IDH 1 e 2), também é possível relatar a perda do todo o braço curto do cromossomo 1 e o braço longo do cromossomo 19 (codeleção 1p/19q), ao contrário da hibridização fluorescente in situ(FISH) que detecta desde a menor deleção, o que os torna sensíveis, mas não específicos, pois o FISH é incapaz de distinguir entre a perda de todo o braço do cromossomo e uma deleção focal. Essa distinção é importante, pois a sobrevida é menor nos tumores com deleção parcial em relação aos oligodendrogliomas, que por definição apresentam a perda total de ambos os cromossomos. Também é feita referência a outras plataformas genômicas, como GlioSeq e painel GLIO-DNA, que podem cumprir a mesma função. Em conclusão, o F1CDx pode determinar com precisão 1p/19q com uma concordância de 96,7% versus FISH. Os casos em que FISH foi positivo e não concordaram com F1CDx, foi porque não eram oligodendrogliomas. O F1CDx também analisa todos os genes que permitem a abordagem mais precisa para o diagnóstico de oligodendroglioma.

Sobrevida en población pediátrica con leucemia linfoblástica aguda tratada con protocolo ALLIC-BFM de quimioterapia. Revisión sistemática / Survival of pediatric population with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with ALLIC-BFM chemotherapy protocol. Systematic review

La leucemia linfoblástica aguda constituye la neoplasia infantil más frecuente. Los tratamientos actuales posibilitan más del 80% de supervivencia libre de enfermedad por cinco años. En el 2000, se probó un protocolo de quimioterapia llamado leucemia linfoblástica intercontinental Berlín-Frankfurt-Münster (ALLIC BFM). El proceso investigativo se realizó mediante la metodología PRISMA, con el propósito de sistematizar la información acerca de la supervivencia de los pacientes pediátricos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda tratados con el uso del protocolo de quimioterapia ALLIC BFM en sus versiones de 2002 o 2009. La supervivencia global en pacientes donde se utilizó el protocolo de 2002 fue del 52% al 91,7% y la libre de enfermedad fue del 45% a 83,3%; mientras que, con el uso del protocolo 2009 se reportó una supervivencia global del 71,1% al 90% y la libre de enfermedad fue del 69,4% al 90,3%. Los principales factores que afectaron la supervivencia fueron las complicaciones relacionadas con el tratamiento, los pacientes de alto riesgo y la medicación insuficiente.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common childhood neoplasia. Current treatments allow more than 80% disease-free survival for five years. In 2000, a chemotherapy protocol called Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster intercontinental lymphoblastic leukemia (ALLIC BFM) was tested. The investigative process was carried out using the PRISMA methodology. This study aimed to systematize the information about the survival of pediatric patients with acute lympho-blastic leukemia treated with the ALLIC BFM chemotherapy protocol in its 2002 or 2009 versions. 52% to 91.7% of patients showed an overall survival in patients where the 2002 proto-col was used, and disease-free was from 45% to 83.3%; while, with the use of the 2009 protocol, an overall survival of 71.1% to 90% was reported, and disease-free survival was 69.4% to 90.3%. The main factors affecting survival were treatment-related complications, high-risk patients, and insufficient medication.

Prognostic Impact of AGR3 Protein Expression in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis / Impacto prognóstico da expressão da proteína AGR3 no câncer de mama: Uma revisão sistemática e metanálise

Abstract Objective To investigate the clinicopathological significance and prognosis of the expression of the anterior gradient 3 (AGR3) protein in women with breast cancer. Data Sources The PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published in English and without restrictions regarding the year of publication. The search terms were: breast cancer AND anterior gradient 3 OR AGR3 expression. Study Selection We included observational or interventional studies, studies on AGR3 protein expression by immunohistochemistry, and studies on invasive breast cancer. Case reports, studies with animals, and reviews were excluded. In total, 4 studies were included, containing 713 cases of breast cancer. Data Collection Data were extracted on clinicopathological characteristics and survival. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of AGR3 expression was performed according to the clinicopathological characteristics, hazard ratios (HRs), and overall survival and disease-free survival. Data Synthesis The expression of AGR3 was found in 62% of the cases, and it was associated with histological grade II, positivity of estrogen and progesterone receptors, low expression of ki67, recurrence or distant metastasis, and lumen subtypes. In patients with low and intermediate histological grades, AGR3 expression was associated with worse overall survival (HR: 2.39; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.628-4.159; p= 0.008) and worse disease-free survival (HR: 3.856; 95%CI: 1.026-6.686; p= 0.008). Conclusion The AGR3 protein may be a biomarker for the early detection of breast cancer and predict prognosis in luminal subtypes. In addition, in patients with low and intermediate histological grades, AGR3 protein expression may indicate an unfavorable prognosis in relation to survival.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar o significado clinicopatológico e prognóstico da expressão da proteína anterior gradient 3 (AGR3) em mulheres com câncer de mama. Fontes de Dados Utilizamos as bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus e Web of Science para pesquisar estudos em inglês, sem restrições quanto ao ano de publicação. Os termos buscados foram: breast cancer AND anterior gradient 3 OR AGR3 expression. Seleção dos Estudos Foram incluídos estudos observacionais ou intervencionais, estudos sobre a expressão da proteína AGR3 por imuno-histoquímica, e estudos sobre câncer de mama invasivo. Excluíram-se relatos de casos, estudos com animais e revisões. Quatro estudos foram selecionados, que continham 713 casos de câncer de mama. Coleta de Dados Foram extraídos dados relativos a características clinicopatológicas e sobrevida. A metanálise da prevalência da expressão de AGR3 foi realizada conforme as características clinicopatológicas, razões de risco (RRs) e sobrevida global (SG) e sobrevida livre de doença (SLD). Síntese dos Dados Encontrou-se expressão de AGR3 em 62% dos casos, que se associou com grau histológico II, positividade de receptores de estrogênio e progesterona, baixa expressão de ki67, recorrência ou metástase à distância e subtipos luminais. Em pacientes com graus histológicos baixo e intermediário, a expressão de AGR3 conferiu pior SG (RR: 2,39; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,628-4,159; p= 0,008) e pior SLD (RR: 3,856; IC95%: 1,026-6,686; p= 0,008). Conclusão A AGR3 pode ser um biomarcador para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama e predizer o prognóstico em subtipos luminais. Em graus histológicos baixo e intermediário, a expressão da proteína AGR3 pode indicar um prognóstico desfavorável em relação à sobrevida.

Fatores prognósticos em pacientes com câncer colorretal: análise de sobrevida global e livre de doença / Prognostic factors in patients with colorectal cancer: analysis of overall and disease-free survival

Objetivos: avaliar o impacto de variáveis clínicas e tumorais sobre a sobrevida global e a sobrevida livre da doença em pacientes com câncer colorretal atendidos em um hospital especializado em oncologia, em Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo com análise do registro hospitalar de câncer e de prontuários de pacientes com câncer colorretal tratados entre 2015 e 2016, com acompanhamento até janeiro de 2022. A curva de Kaplan-Meier e o modelo de Cox, com apresentação do RR e IC95%, foram empregados nas análises. Resultados: foram incluídos no estudo 235 pacientes, dos quais 126 (53,6%) eram do sexo masculino, 204 (86,8%) tinham idade igual ou superior a 50 anos ao diagnóstico e 125 (53,2%) receberam inicialmente o diagnóstico de tumor de cólon. O risco de morte e de recorrência foram maiores em pacientes com estadiamento IV (RR = 2,77; IC95% = 1,57-3,85 e RR = 3,98; IC95% = 1,15-13,79), tumor no reto (RR = 2,04; IC95% = 1,24-3,38 e RR= 2,25; IC95% = 1,40-3,60) e metástase nos linfonodos regionais (RR = 2,26; IC95% = 1,27-4,03 e RR = 2,15; IC95% = 1,24-3,73). O risco de óbito foi elevado em idosos com Índice de Massa Corporal de baixo peso (RR = 3,5; IC95% = 0,9-75). Conclusões: no momento do diagnóstico, fatores tumorais como estadiamento avançado, tumor no reto e a presença de metástase são importantes preditores de mortalidade e recidiva do câncer colorretal, além disso, indicam o Índice de Massa Corporal como potencial variável de pior prognóstico na população idosa com câncer colorretal

Aims: to evaluate the impact of clinical and tumor variables on overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with colorectal cancer treated at a specialized oncology hospital in Curitiba, Paraná. Methods: a retrospective cohort study was carried out with analysis of the câncer hospital registry and medical records of patients with colorectal cancer treated between 2015 and 2016, with follow-up until January 2022. The Kaplan-Meier curve and the Cox model, with presentation of the Hazard Ratio (HR) and confidence interval 95% (95%CI), were used in the analyses. Results: 235 patients were included in the study, 126 (53.6%) males, 204 (86.8%) aged at diagnosis equal to or greater than 50 years and 125 (53.2%) with the initial diagnosis of tumor of colon. The risk of death and recurrence were higher in patients with stage IV (HR = 2.77; 95%CI = 1.57-3.85 and HR = 3.98; 95%CI = 1.15-13.79), tumor in the rectum (HR = 2.04; 95%CI = 1.24-3.38 and HR = 2.25; 95%CI = 1.40-3.60) and regional lymph node metastasis (HR = 2.26; 95%CI = 1.27-4.03 and HR = 2.15; 95%CI = 1.24-3.73). In addition, the risk of death was high in elderly with low weight Body Mass Index (HR =3.5; 95%CI = 0.9-75). Conclusions: at the time of diagnosis, tumor factors such as advanced staging, tumor in the rectum and the presence of metastasis are important predictors of mortality and recurrence of colorectal cancer, in addition, they indicate Body Mass Index as a potential variable of worse prognosis in the elderly population with colorectal cancer

Desafios do HIV/AIDS em país de baixa renda: sobrevida e retenção de pacientes em TARV nos cuidados de HIV na 'Era' de "Testar e Iniciar" o tratamento no Município de Maputo, Moçambique / HIV/AIDS challenges in low-income country: survival and retention of patients on ART in the 'Era' of "Test and Treat" treatment in Maputo Municipality, Mozambique

Introdução: Considerando as evidências segundo as quais o início precoce do TARV, independentemente da contagem do CD4 ou do estágio clínico da OMS, aumenta a sobrevida e a retenção de pacientes em TARV; diminui a morbidade e mortalidade; e reduz a incidência do HIV, a OMS propôs a ETI para países de baixa renda fortemente afetados por HIV/AIDS, no entanto, estudos que avaliam o seu efeito sobre indicadores clínicos e programáticos ainda são escassos em Moçambique. Objetivos: (i) Estimar taxas de mortalidade e de perda no seguimento clínico e psicossocial nas coortes de pacientes submetidos à ETI (DTI) e não submetidos à estratégia (ATI), respectivamente, e compará-las; (ii) Estimar as medianas do tempo e as probabilidades de sobrevida e de retenção nos cuidados de HIV nas duas coortes (ATI e DTI) e compará-las; (iii) Analisar a influência da ETI na sobrevida e na retenção de pacientes em TARV nos cuidados de HIV, após ajuste para potenciais confundidores. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo de pacientes em TARV, com idades entre 15 e 49 anos, inscritos nos serviços públicos de saúde do município de Maputo, Moçambique. As variáveis estudadas foram sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade, região de residência); clínicas (data do diagnóstico de HIV; óbito; estádio clínico da OMS; contagem de CD4; carga viral; data de início do TARV; perda no seguimento; regime de tratamento; co-infecção HIV/TB; indice de massa corporal); programáticas (serviço de diagnóstico/testagem de HIV; participação nos grupos de apoio para a adesão comunitária; exposição à ETI) e os desfechos de interesse foram óbito e perda no seguimento clínico e psicossocial. Utilizou-se o estimador produto limite de Kaplan-Meier, o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox e as estimativas das razões de "Hazard" (HR), com respectivos intervalos de confiança a 95%. Estimou-se a FAP para a exposição à ETI, como medida de impacto da estratégia na população. Resultados: A taxa média de mortalidade na coorte ATI foi de 28,1/1000 pessoas-ano, enquanto na coorte DTI foi de 24,5/1000 pessoas-ano. A taxa média de perdas no seguimento clínico e psicossocial na coorte ATI foi de 17,3/1000 pessoas-ano e na coorte DTI de 15,0/1000 pessoas-ano. A MTS na coorte ATI foi de 43,1 meses e na coorte DTI de 50,6 meses. A MTR na coorte ATI foi de 39,8 meses e na coorte DTI de 49,0 meses. Mostraram-se associadas ao tempo de sobrevida, independentemente das demais covariáveis: pertencer à faixa etária de 25-39 (HR=1,52; IC 95% 1,37 - 1,69) e 40-49 (HR=2,16; IC 95% 1,94 - 2,41); ser residente de região suburbana (HR=1,45; IC 95% 1,36 - 1,54); ser do sexo masculino (HR=1,41; IC 95% 1,33 - 1,49); estar em TARV com a II linha (HR=1,19; IC 95% 1,13 - 1,26); estar co-infectado HIV/TB (HR=1,16; IC 95% 1,10 - 1,23); pertencer ao estágio clínico IV da OMS (HR=1,93; IC 95% 1,70 - 2,17), ter IMC <18,5 Kg/m2 (HR=1,18; IC 95% 1,07 - 1,29); não estar exposto à ETI (HR=1,16; IC 95% 1,10 - 1,22). Mostraram-se associadas ao tempo de retenção nos cuidados, independentemente das outras covariáveis: estar em regime de TARV da II linha (HR = 1,48; IC 95% 1,40 - 1,56); pertencer ao estágio III (HR = 1,28; IC 95% 1,19 - 1,36) e IV (HR = 3,51; IC 95% 3,17 - 3,88) da OMS; não estar exposto à ETI (HR = 1,75; IC 95% 1,65 - 1,85); estar co-infectado HIV/TB (HR = 1,18; IC 95% 11,11 - 1,24); ser do sexo masculino (HR = 1,17; IC 95% 1,11 - 1,24); pertencer aos GAAC (HR = 1,21; IC 95% 1,12 - 1,30). A fração atribuível na população para o grupo exposto à ETI (DTI) foi de 6,4% em relação à sobrevida e 20,0% para a retenção nos cuidados de HIV. Conclusões: No contexto de um país de baixa renda fortemente afetado por HIV/AIDS e situado na região Austral de África, a ETI mostrou impacto relevante no aumento da sobrevida e a retenção de pacientes em TARV nos cuidados de HIV, bem como na redução da mortalidade e das perdas no seguimento clínico e psicossocial. O estudo também confirmou o papel de fatores associados aos dois desfechos, também identificados em outras regiões da África Subsaariana e do mundo. Estes resultados fortalecem a importância da ETI para países de baixa e média renda fortemente afetados pelo HIV, para acelerar a resposta local e global do HIV/AIDS por via de intervenções nacionais.

Background: Considering the evidence that early initiation of ART, regardless of CD4 count or WHO clinical stage, increases survival and retention of patients on ART, decreases morbidity and mortality, and reduces HIV incidence, WHO proposed the test-and-treat strategy for low-income countries with a high burden of HIV/AIDS, however, studies evaluating the effect of this strategy on survival and retention of patients on ART are still scarce in Mozambique. Objectives: (i) Estimate the mean rates of mortality and loss in clinical and psychosocial follow-up among the cohorts, respectively, of patients submitted to the strategy (DTI) and not submitted to the strategy (ATI) and compare them; (ii) Estimate the median time and probabilities of survival and retention in HIV care in the two cohorts (ATI and DTI) and compare them; (iii) Analyze the influence of the test-and-start strategy on survival and retention of patients on ART in HIV care, after adjusting for potential confounders. Method: Retrospective cohort study of patients on ART, aged between 15 and 49 years old, enrolled in public health services of Maputo municipality. Variables studied were: sociodemographic (gender, age, education, region of residence); clinical (date of HIV diagnosis; death; WHO clinical stage; CD4 count; viral load; ART initiation date; loss to follow-up; treatment regimen; HIV/TB co-infection; body mass index); programmatic (HIV diagnosis/testing service; participation in support groups for community adherence; exposure to the "test and treat" strategy) and the outcomes of interest were death and loss of clinical and psychosocial follow-up. Kaplan-Meier estimator, Cox proportional hazards model and Hazard ratio (HR) estimates were used, with 95% confidence intervals. Attributable fraction in the population for the exposure to the "test and treat" strategy was estimated as a measure of the strategy's impact on the population. Results: Mean mortality rate in ATI cohort was 28.1/1000 person-years, while in DTI cohort it was 24.5/1000 person-years. Mean rate of loss to clinical and psychosocial follow-up in ATI cohort was 17.3/1000 person-years and in DTI cohort was 15.0/1000 person-years. Median survival time (MTS) in ATI cohort was 43.1 months and in DTI cohort was 50.6 months. Median retention time (MTR) in ATI cohort was 39.8 months and in DTI cohort was 49.0 months. Regardless of the other covariates, the predictors of death were the following: belonging to the age group 25-39 (HR=1.52; CI 95% 1.37 - 1.69) and 40-49 (HR=2.16; CI 95% 1.94 - 2.41); be resident of a suburban region (HR=1.45; 95%CI 1.36 - 1.54); be male (HR=1.41; 95% CI 1.33 - 1.49); be on second-line ART regime (HR=1.19; 95% CI 1.13 - 1.26); be co-infected HIV/TB (HR=1.16; 95% CI 1.10 - 1.23); belonging to WHO clinical stage IV (HR=1.93; 95% CI 1.70 - 2.17), having a BMI <18.5 Kg/m2 (HR=1.18; 95% CI 1.07 - 1 ,29); not being exposed to the test-and-treat strategy (HR=1.16; 95% CI 1.10 - 1.22). Regardless of the other covariates, the predictors of the loss in clinical and psychosocial follow-up were: be on second-line ART regime (HR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.40 - 1.56); belonging to WHO stage III (HR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.19 - 1.36) and IV (HR = 3.51; 95% CI 3.17 - 3.88); not being exposed to the test-and-start strategy (HR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.65 - 1.85); be co-infected with HIV/TB (HR = 1.18; 95% CI 11.11 - 1.24); be male (HR = 1.17; 95% CI 1.11 - 1.24); belonging to the GAAC (HR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.12 - 1.30). Population attributable fraction for the group exposed to the test-and-treat (DTI) strategy was 6.4% for survival and 20.0% for retention in HIV care. Conclusions: In the context of a low-income country strongly affected by HIV/AIDS and located at southern Africa region, the test-and-treat strategy showed a relevant impact on increasing survival and retention time of patients on ART in HIV care, as well as on reducing of mortality and losses in clinical and psychosocial follow-up. The study confirmed, as well, the role of factors associated with the two studied outcomes, also identified in other regions of sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide. These results strengthen the importance of the test-and-treat strategy for low- and middle-income countries heavily affected by HIV, to accelerate local and global HIV/AIDS response through national interventions.

Associação entre a diversidade genética do hpv 16 e o prognóstico no câncer do colo do útero / Association between the genetic diversity of hpv 16 and the prognosis in cervical cancer

Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero (CCU) acontece em decorrência da infecção crônica e persistente por tipos oncogênicos do papilomavírus humano (HPV) na genitália feminina. Sua incidência ainda é alta em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, onde o diagnóstico muitas vezes é realizado em estádios avançados. O HPV 16 é o tipo mundialmente mais comum no CCU. O estudo da associação das diferentes linhagens do HPV 16 à sobrevida global e livre de doença do CCU pode contribuir na compreensão do comportamento das diferentes linhagens do HPV 16 em relação ao prognóstico. Objetivo: Avaliar o prognóstico de mulheres com câncer do colo do útero tratadas em uma Instituição brasileira, em relação às linhagens do HPV16. Métodos: Os dados desta análise são provenientes de uma coorte prospectiva de 334 mulheres com CCU tratadas no INCA (Rio de Janeiro) recrutadas entre julho de 2011 e março de 2014. A identificação das linhagens do HPV 16 foi realizada em amostra do tecido tumoral. A diversidade genética do HPV 16 foi representada por 218 casos da linhagem A, 10 da linhagem B, 10 da linhagem C e 96 da linhagem D. Além das linhagens do HPV 16, a idade, tipo histopatológico, estadiamento e completude de tratamento foram avaliados em relação ao prognóstico do CCU. Resultados: A idade mediana foi de 48 anos. O tipo histopatológico mais frequente foi o carcinoma epidermoide (82,3%), seguido do adenocarcinoma. O estadiamento com doença localmente avançada foi o mais comum nesta amostra, sendo representado por percentuais semelhantes nos estádios II e III (36,2% e 37,7%), seguido do estádio inicial I (19,2%) e pelo estadiamento IV, com doença à distância (6,9%). Apenas 187 mulheres completaram o tratamento. As variáveis idade, tipo histológico, estadiamento e completude de tratamento estiveram associadas com maior risco de morte, o que não ocorreu com a variável linhagem do HPV 16. Em relação à idade, a cada acréscimo de um ano de vida, houve aumento de aproximadamente 1% no risco de morte. Outros tipos histopatológicos (carcinoma pouco diferenciado, adenoescamoso, neuroendócrino e sarcoma) mostraram um maior risco de óbito em relação ao adenocarcinoma. O carcinoma epidermoide também representou maior risco de morte do que no adenocarcinoma, embora sem significância estatística. As mulheres diagnosticadas com estadiamento avançado tiveram maior risco de morte, e as que não completaram o tratamento aumentaram em mais de duas vezes o risco de morrer. Conclusão: Esse estudo não encontrou associação entre as linhagens A, B, C e D do HPV 16 e o prognóstico do CCU.

Introduction: Cervical cancer (CC) occurs as a result of chronic and persistent infection by the oncogenic type of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the female genitalia. Its incidence is still high in developing countries like Brazil, where the diagnosis is often performed in advanced stages. HPV 16 is the most common type in CC worldwide. Studying the association of different HPV 16 lineage with overall and disease-free survival in CC may contribute to understanding the behavior of different HPV 16 lineage in relation to prognosis. Objective: To evaluate the prognosis of women with cervical cancer treated at a Brazilian institution, in relation to HPV16 lineage A, B, C and D. Methods: The data from this analysis are from a prospective cohort of 334 women with CC treated at INCA (Rio de Janeiro) recruited between july 2011 and march 2014. Identification of HPV 16 lineage was performed on a sample of tumor tissue. The genetic diversity of HPV 16 was represented by 218 cases of the A lineage, 10 of the B lineage, 10 of the C lineage and 96 of the D lineage. In addition to the HPV 16 lineages; age, histopathological type, staging and completeness of treatment were evaluated in association with the prognosis of CC. Results: The median age was 48 years. The most frequent histopathological type was squamous cell carcinoma (82.3%), followed by adenocarcinoma. Staging with locally advanced disease was the most common in this sample, being represented by similar percentages in stages II and III (36.2% and 37.7%), followed by initial stage I (19.2%) and by stage IV, with distant disease (6.9%). Only 187 women completed the treatment. The variables age, histological type, staging and completion of treatment were associated with a higher risk of death, which did not occur with the variable HPV 16 lineage. Regarding age, with each increase of one year, there was an increase of approximately 1% in the risk of death. Other histopathological types (poorly differentiated, adenosquamous, neuroendocrine and sarcoma) showed a higher risk of death compared to adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma also represented a higher risk of death than adenocarcinoma, although without statistical significance. Women diagnosed with advanced staging had a higher risk of death, and those who did not complete treatment increased their risk of dying by more than twice. Conclusion: This study found no association between HPV 16 lineage A, B, C and D and CC prognosis.

Prise en charge du cancer du col utérin métastatique au CHU de Treichville et résultas/ / Management of metastatic cervical cancer at the University Hospital of Treichville and results

la prise en charge du cancer col métastatique s'est enrichie depuis 2017 par la disponibilité des thérapies ciblées dans notre pays. Cette étude avait pour objectifs de déterminer les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques et thérapeutiques des patientes prises en charge pour cancer du col métastatique dans notre structure. Methodes. il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective à visé descriptive menée dans les services de gynécologie et d'oncologie du CHUT, du janvier 2018 ­ octobre 2021. Elle a concerné les dossiers de patientes traitées pour un cancer du col de l'utérus métastatique confi rmé. Ont été inclus les dossiers des patientes qui ont reçu au moins 06 cures de chimiothérapie associées ou non à la thérapie ciblée, et dont la dernière cure a été réalisée 24 mois avant la fi n de l'étude. Resultats. Nous avons colligé 47 dossiers dont les patientes avaient un âge moyen de 54 ans. Elles avaient toutes déjà accouché, et étaient sans activités dans 57% des cas. La tumeur initiale était un carcinome épidermoïde dans la majorité des cas (87%). Les sites métastatiques les plus fréquents étaient lespoumons (39%), le foie (26%), les os (15%). Elles ont toutes bénéfi cié de la combinaison PaclitaxelCisplatine ­Bévacizumab comme traitement spécifi que. La survie globale a été de 52 % à 24 mois, et était meilleur chez les patientes qui ont reçu le Bévacizumab dans leur traitement.

Social inequalities in male cancer in a metropolis in the Southeast region of Brazil / Desigualdades sociais em câncer no sexo masculino em uma metrópole da região Sudeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze inequalities in incidence, mortality, and estimated survival for neoplasms in men according to social vulnerability. METHODS Analysis of cases and deaths of all neoplasms and the five most common in men aged 30 years or older in the city of Campinas (SP), between 2010 and 2014, using data from the Population-Based Cancer Registry (RCBP) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). The areas of residence were grouped into five social vulnerability strata (SVS) using São Paulo Social Vulnerability Index. For each SVS, age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated. A five-year survival proxy was calculated by complementing the ratio of the mortality rate to the incidence rate. Inequalities between strata were measured by the ratios between rates, the relative inequality index (RII) and the angular inequality index (AII). RESULTS RII revealed that the incidence of all neoplasms (0.66, 95%CI 0.62-0.69) and colorectal and lung cancers were lower among the most socially vulnerable, who presented a higher incidence of stomach and oral cavity cancer. Mortality rates for stomach, oral cavity, prostate and all types of cancer were higher in the most vulnerable segments, with no differences in mortality for colorectal and lung cancer. Survival was lower in the most social vulnerable stratum for all types of cancer studied. AII showed excess cases in the least vulnerable and deaths in the most vulnerable. Social inequalities were different depending on the tumor location and the indicator analyzed. CONCLUSION There is a trend of reversal of inequalities between incidence-mortality and incidence-survival, and the most social vulnerable segment presents lower survival rates for the types of cancer, pointing to the existence of inequality in access to early diagnosis and effective and timely treatment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar as desigualdades segundo a vulnerabilidade social na incidência, mortalidade e estimativa de sobrevida de neoplasias no sexo masculino. MÉTODOS Foram analisados os casos e as mortes do total de neoplasias e das cinco mais incidentes em homens com 30 anos ou mais no município de Campinas (SP), entre 2010 e 2014, utilizando dados do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional (RCBP) e do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). As áreas de residência foram agrupadas em cinco estratos de vulnerabilidade social (EVS) utilizando o Índice Paulista de Vulnerabilidade Social. Para cada EVS, foram calculadas as taxas de incidência e de mortalidade padronizadas por idade. Um proxy de sobrevida em cinco anos foi calculado pelo complemento da razão da taxa de mortalidade pela taxa de incidência. As desigualdades entre os estratos foram mensuradas pelas razões entre taxas, pelo índice relativo de desigualdade (IRD) e pelo índice angular de desigualdade. RESULTADOS O IRD revelou que a incidência do total de neoplasias (0,66, IC95% 0,62-0,69) e dos cânceres colorretal e de pulmão foram menores entre os socialmente mais vulneráveis, que apresentaram maior incidência dos cânceres de estômago e da cavidade oral. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer de estômago, cavidade oral, próstata e por todas as neoplasias foram superiores nos segmentos mais vulneráveis, sem diferenças na mortalidade por câncer colorretal e de pulmão. A sobrevida foi menor no estrato de maior vulnerabilidade social para todos os cânceres estudados. O índice angular de desigualdade (IAD) mostrou o excesso de casos nos menos vulneráveis e de óbitos nos mais vulneráveis. As desigualdades sociais revelaram-se distintas conforme a localização do tumor e o indicador analisado. CONCLUSÃO Constata-se uma tendência de inversão das desigualdades entre incidência e mortalidade e sobrevida, sendo esta última desfavorável ao segmento de maior vulnerabilidade social para os tipos de câncer, apontando a existência de inequidade no acesso ao diagnóstico precoce e ao tratamento efetivo e oportuno.

Predictive Power of Demographic and Clinicopathological Aspects of Patients with Acral Melanoma: a Single-Center Series Of 394 Cases in Brazil / Poder Preditivo dos Aspectos Demográficos e Clinicopatológicos de Pacientes com Melanoma Acral: uma Série de 394 Casos em um Único Centro no Brasil / Poder Predictivo de Aspectos Demográficos y Clinicopatológicos en Pacientes con Melanoma Acral: una Serie de 394 Casos en un Solo Centro en el Brasil

Introduction: Acral melanoma (AM) is associated with high mortality and poor survival, and its prognosis is worse compared to other melanoma subtypes. Objective: To analyze the predictive power of demographic and clinicopathological aspects in patients with AM. Method: This is a retrospective study with patients diagnosed with AM between January 2001 and December 2015. Demographic and clinicopathological characteristics were collected. The outcome was 5-year overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank-test and Cox regression analysis were used. Results: The study identified 394 patients with AM. The 5-year survival rate for patients with AM was found to be 45.6%. The predictive factors of OS included Breslow thickness [hazard ratio (HR): 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.03], ulceration (HR: 4.06, 95%CI: 2.18-7.57) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (HR: 2.12, 95%CI:1.12-4.00). Conclusion: The findings highlight the poor prognosis of AM and the predictive power of Breslow thickness, ulceration and LVI

Introdução: O melanoma acral (MA) está associado à alta mortalidade e à baixa sobrevida, e seu prognóstico é pior em comparação com os outros subtipos de melanoma. Objetivo: Analisar o poder preditivo de aspectos demográficos e clinicopatológicos em pacientes com MA. Método: Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes diagnosticados com MA entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2015. Foram coletadas características demográficas e clinicopatológicas. O desfecho foi a sobrevida global (SG) em cinco anos. Foram utilizados curvas de Kaplan-Meier, teste de log-rank e análise de regressão de Cox. Resultados: Foram identificados 394 pacientes com MA. A taxa de sobrevida em cinco anos para pacientes com MA foi de 45,6%. Os fatores preditivos da SG incluíram espessura de Breslow [hazard ratio (HR): 1,02, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,01-1,03], ulceração (HR: 4,06, IC 95%: 2,18-7,57) e invasão linfovascular (ILV) (HR: 2,12, IC 95%: 1,12-4,00). Conclusão: Tais achados destacam o prognóstico desfavorável do MA e o poder preditivo da espessura de Breslow, ulceração e ILV

Introducción: El melanoma acral (MA) está asociado con una alta mortalidad y una baja supervivencia, y su pronóstico es peor en comparación con los otros subtipos de melanoma. Objetivo: Analizar el poder predictivo de los aspectos demográficos y clinicopatológicos en pacientes con MA. Método: Estudio retrospectivo con pacientes diagnosticados con MA entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2015. Se recopilaron características demográficas y clinicopatológicas. El resultado fue la supervivencia global (SG) a los cinco años. Se utilizaron curvas de Kaplan-Meier, prueba de log-rank y análisis de regresión de Cox. Resultados: Se identificaron 394 pacientes con MA. La tasa de supervivencia a cinco años para los pacientes con MA fue del 45.6%. Los factores predictivos de la SG incluyeron el grosor de Breslow [razón de peligro (HR): 1.02, intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC): 1.01-1.03], la ulceración (HR: 4.06, IC del 95%: 2.18-7.57) y la invasión linfovascular (ILV) (HR: 2.12, IC del 95%: 1.12-4.00). Conclusión: Estos hallazgos resaltan el pronóstico desfavorable del MA y el poder predictivo del grosor de Breslow, la ulceración y la ILV

Experiencia de downstaging versus criterios de Milán para trasplante hepático por carcinoma hepatocelular en una cohorte prospectiva / Experience with downstaging versus Milan criteria for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a prospective cohort

Introducción. El acceso al trasplante hepático (TH) en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) se basa en la aplicación de criterios morfológicos rigurosos estipulados desde 1996, co-nocidos como criterios de Milán. Una de las estrategias descritas para expandir estos criterios se conoce como downstaging (reducción del estadiaje tumoral mediante terapias locorregionales). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el comportamiento postrasplante de pacientes con CHC que ingresaron dentro de los parámetros de Milán, comparado con el de aquellos pacientes llevados a terapia de downstaging en un centro colombiano. Metodología. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos con cirrosis hepática (CH) y CHC que fueron llevados a TH en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, entre julio de 2012 a septiembre de 2021. Como desenlace principal se definió recurrencia y tiempo de recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral, muerte por todas las causas y tiempo al fallecimiento. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de cada grupo. Se incluyeron scores pronósticos de recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral. Resultados. Se trasplantaron 68 pacientes con CH y CHC, 50 (73,5 %) eran hombres y la edad promedio fue 59 años; 51 pacientes (75 %) cumplían con los criterios de Milán y 17 (25 %) fueron llevados a terapia de downstaging previo al TH. No hubo diferencias significativas en la supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de trasplante entre los dos grupos evaluados, p=0,479 y p=0,385, respectivamente. Tampoco hubo diferencia significativa en la recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral entre ambos grupos (p=0,81). En total hubo 7 casos de recurrencia tumoral (10,2 %) y 11 casos de muerte (16,2 %). Conclusiones. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en recurrencia y mortalidad entre los pacientes que cumplían los criterios de Milán y los trasplantados luego de la terapia de downstaging, en un tiempo de se-guimiento de 53 meses hasta el último control posterior al trasplante hepático. Esta sería la primera evaluación prospectiva de un protocolo de downstaging para CHC en Colombia.

Introduction. Access to liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is based on the application of rigorous morphological criteria stipulated since 1996, known as the Milan criteria. One of the strategies described to expand these criteria is known as downstaging (tu-mor staging reduction through locoregional therapies). The objective of this study was to describe the post-transplant performance of patients with HCC who were admitted within the Milan parameters, compared with those of patients taken to downstaging therapy, in a Colombian center. Methodolo-gy. Adult patients with cirrhosis and HCC that received LT between July 2012 and September 2021 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital were included. The main outcome was defined as recurrence and time to recurrence of the tumor disease, death from all causes, and time to death. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of each group were evaluated. Tumor disease recurrence prognostic scores were included. Results. Sixty-eight patients with cirrhosis and HCC received LT in the time frame, 50 (73.5%) were men and the mean age was 59 years. Fifty-one patients were trans-planted (75%) fulfilling Milan criteria, and 17 (25%) patients received downstaging therapies before LT. There were no significant differences in overall survival and transplant-free survival between the two groups, p=0.479 and p=0.385, respectively. There was also no significant difference in the recurrence of the tumor disease between both groups (p=0.81). In total there were 7 tumoral recurrences (10.2%) and 11 deaths (16.2%). Conclusions. There were no differences in recurrence and survival between patients transplanted fulfilling Milan criteria and those receiving downstaging therapies, following a mean time of 53 months after LT. This is the first prospective evaluation of the downstaging protocol in Colombia.

Perfil de morbidade no primeiro ano de vida entre recém-nascidos de alto risco / Morbidity profile in the first year of life among high-risk newborns

Os cuidados destinados aos recém-nascidos prematuros extremos têm propiciado importantes resultados na sobrevida dessas crianças. Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil de morbidade no primeiro ano de vida entre recémnascidos de alto risco. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória realizada no ambulatório de seguimento de recém-nascidos de alto risco do norte de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi referente às admissões no período de março de 2014 a abril de 2015. O instrumento contemplava características: demográficas, sociais, condições de gestação e parto, intercorrências no pós-parto e condições de saúde das crianças acompanhadas ao longo do primeiro ano de vida. Realizou-se a análise estatística descritiva e o teste Qui-Quadrado, assumindo-se um nível de significância de 5% para comparação da distribuição das morbidades por faixas de peso. Resultados: Participaram deste estudo 282 recém-nascidos, sendo 53,9% do sexo masculino. Entre as mães, 58,2% era multípara e 35,8% hipertensas. Em relação ao peso de nascimento, 59,6% dos recém-nascidos acompanhados pesaram menos de 1500 gramas. As principais morbidades identificadas no primeiro ano de vida foram atraso do desenvolvimento neuro-psicomotor, infecções de vias aéreas superiores, as alterações neurológicas e as afecções respiratórias crônicas. Foram registradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes para o atraso do desenvolvimento neuro-psico-motor (p<0,001), intercorrências neurológicas (p=0,008) e episódios de diarreia (p=0,047), entre as faixas de peso de nascimento. Conclusão: A assistência ambulatorial para o recém-nascido prematuro de alto risco contribui para a identificação e a prevenção de doenças recorrentes nessa população(AU)

Introduction: Care for extremely premature newborns has provided important results in the survival of these children. Objective: To characterize the morbidity profile in the first year of life among high-risk newborns. Materials and Method: This is an exploratory research carried out at the follow-up clinic for high-risk newborns in the north of Minas Gerais. Data collection referred to admissions in the period from March 2014 to April 2015. The instrument included characteristics: demographic, social, pregnancy and delivery conditions, postpartum complications and health conditions of children monitored during the first year of life. Descriptive statistical analysis and the chisquare test were performed, assuming a significance level of 5% to compare the distribution of morbidities by weight range. Results: A total of 282 newborns participated in this study, 53.9% of whom were male. Among the mothers, 58.2% were multiparous and 35.8% were hypertensive. Regarding birth weight, 59.6% of newborns monitored weighed less than 1500 grams. The main morbidities identified in the first year of life were delayed neuro-psycho-motor development, upper airway infections, neurological disorders and chronic respiratory conditions. Statistically significant differences were recorded for delayed neuro-psycho-motor development (p<0.001), neurological complications (p=0.008) and episodes of diarrhea (p=0.047), between birth weight ranges. Conclusion: Outpatient care for high-risk premature newborns contributes to the identification and prevention of recurrent diseases in this population(AU)

Overall survival in Chilean patients with lymphoma and human immunodeficiency virus: A retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Introduction: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) still face high morbidity and mortality resulting from lymphoma. Aim: To describe a population of PLWH and lymphoma in a Chilean public hospital and compare the overall survival (OS) with a previously reported cohort from the same institution. Methods: Retrospective single-center cohort study. All the patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 were included. Demographic and clinical variables were obtained from medical records. The overall survival (OS) was estimated in treated patients from diagnosis until death or October 2020. The OS was then compared with a cohort of patients diagnosed between 1992 and 2008. Main Results: Eighty-four patients were included. The most common histological types were Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) at 31%, 27%, 21% and 14%, respectively. The three-year OS for the whole cohort of BL, DLBCL, HL and PBL was 58.9%, 65.2%, 47.4%, 76.4% and 50%, respectively. Compared to the cohort of 1992 to 2008, a global increase in the OS was found after excluding HL and adjusting for age and clinical stage (HR 0.38, p = 0.002). However, when the main types were analyzed individually, the increase in the OS was statistically significant only in DLBCL (HR 0.29, p = 0.007). Most patients with DLBCL received CHOP chemotherapy, as in the previous cohort. Conclusion: The OS has improved in this population, despite no major changes in chemotherapy regimens, mainly due to the universal access to antiretroviral therapy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma: A real-life experience in a specialized center in Bogotá, Colombia / Hepatocarcinoma: experiencia de la vida real en un centro especializado de Bogotá, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent malignant primary liver tumor globally. In 2018, it ranked sixth and represented the fourth cause of death from cancer; the five-year overall survival is 18 %. Most cases of HCC develop in patients with cirrhosis of any etiology, especially because of hepatitis B and C viruses, alcohol, and recently nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Aim: To analyze the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, treatments, prognostic variables, and survival. Materials and methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted on a cohort of patients diagnosed with cirrhosis and treated between January 2011 and December 2020 at a health care center in Bogotá. The diagnosis of HCC was confirmed radiologically or by biopsy. We analyzed the information descriptively with absolute frequency measures in the case of categorical variables. For continuous variables, the information was summarized with measures of central tendency (mean or median) and their relevant measures of dispersion. Results: We included 152 patients diagnosed with HCC, with a mean age of 69.4 years; 51.3 % were men. The leading cause of HCC was nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which accounted for almost a third of cases (32 %); other causes were alcohol (15 %) and hepatitis C virus (14 %). The median manifestation of the tumor was two nodules with a size close to 4 cm. Besides, 35 % of patients had a BCLC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer) stage with curative options, and 25 % received curative treatment options. The first-line systemic therapy used in this cohort was sorafenib®, used in 35 patients (33.7 %). Survival curves showed that women, Child-Pugh class A, and BCLC stage 0 had higher median survival. Multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of death for males (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.16; confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-3.76), Child-Pugh class B (HR: 2.14; CI 1.16-3.95), and Child-Pugh class C (HR: 7.52; CI 2.88-19.57). Conclusions: NAFLD is the leading cause of HCC in this cohort. A third of patients are diagnosed in early BCLC stages with a curative treatment option, and 25 % are treated with curative therapies. Sorafenib was the first-line therapy in advanced HCC. Overall survival after diagnosis of HCC remains low, being necessary to join forces in the follow-up of patients with cirrhosis to improve these outcomes.

Resumen Introducción: el hepatocarcinoma (HCC) es el tumor hepático primario maligno más frecuente en el mundo: en 2018 ocupó la sexta posición y representó la cuarta causa de muerte por cáncer; la supervivencia global a 5 años es del 18 %. La mayoría de los casos de HCC se desarrolla en pacientes con cirrosis de cualquier etiología, especialmente por virus de la hepatitis B y C, alcohol y, recientemente, por la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (NASH). Objetivo: analizar las características clínicas, métodos de diagnóstico, tratamientos, variables pronósticas y supervivencia. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis atendidos entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2020 en un centro de atención médica de Bogotá, con diagnóstico de HCC confirmado radiológicamente o por biopsia. La información se analizó de forma descriptiva con medidas de frecuencia absoluta en el caso de las variables categóricas; para las variables continuas se resumió la información con medidas de tendencia central (media o medianas) y su respectiva medida de dispersión. Resultados: se incluyeron 152 pacientes diagnosticados con HCC, con edad promedio de 69,4 años, 51,3 % eran hombres. La principal causa de HCC fue el hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD), que representó casi una tercera parte de los casos (32 %); otras causas fueron el alcohol (15 %) y el virus de la hepatitis C (14 %). La mediana de presentación del tumor fue de 2 nódulos con un tamaño cercano a 4 cm. El 35 % de los pacientes tenía un estadio BCLC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer) con opciones curativas y el 25 % de los pacientes recibió opciones curativas de tratamiento. La terapia sistémica de primera línea utilizada en esta cohorte fue el sorafenib®, que se utilizó en 35 pacientes (33,7 %). Las curvas de supervivencia mostraron que las mujeres, el estadio Child-Pugh A y el estadio BCLC 0 presentaron mayores medianas de supervivencia. El análisis multivariado evidenció un mayor riesgo de muerte al ser hombre (Hazard ratio [HR]: 2,16; intervalo de confianza [IC]: 1,24 a 3,76), estar en los estadios Child-Pugh B (HR: 2,14; IC: 1,16 a 3,95) y Child-Pugh C (HR: 7,52; IC: 2,88 a 19,57). Conclusiones: el NAFLD es la principal causa de HCC en la presente cohorte, una tercera parte de los pacientes se diagnostica en estadios BCLC tempranos con opción curativa de tratamiento, y un 25 % se trata con terapias curativas. El sorafenib fue la terapia de primera línea en HCC avanzado. La supervivencia global luego del diagnóstico de HCC sigue siendo baja, y es necesario aunar esfuerzos en el seguimiento de los pacientes con cirrosis para mejorar estos resultados.

Sobrevida de pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica versus diálisis peritoneal crónica / Survival of patients on chronic hemodialysis versus chronic peritoneal dialysis

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar la supervivencia de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en hemodiálisis (HD) versus diálisis peritoneal (DP). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis de supervivencia de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes ≥ 18 años que iniciaron HD versus DP en el Hospital Víctor Lazarte Echegaray del 2015 al 2019. Se analizaron las covariables: edad, sexo, diabetes mellitus con causa de ERC, catéter venoso central temporal (CVC) como acceso vascular inicial y tasa de filtración glomerular. Se calculó la supervivencia con curvas de Kaplan-Meier para la cohorte global y para edad ≥ 60 años, diabetes mellitus como causa de ERC y CVC. Se estimó el riesgo de fallecer mediante Hazard Ratio (HR) según el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para cada covariable ajustada a la modalidad de diálisis en un análisis bivariado y multivariado considerando diferencia significativa si el valor de p < 0,05. Resultados. Se incluyeron 368 pacientes en HD de los cuales fallecieron 129 (35,1%) y 172 pacientes en DP de los cuales fallecieron 66 (38,4%) (p=0,455). La probabilidad acumulada de supervivencia a los 60 meses para HD fue de 30% y para DP fue de 37% con curvas de supervivencia similares (p=0,719). La mediana del tiempo de sobrevida en HD fue de 32 meses (RIC: 20-53) y en DP fue de 32,5 meses (RIC: 18-57) (p=0,999). Se determinó que las covariables asociadas con una mayor mortalidad ajustadas a la modalidad de diálisis fueron edad ≥60 años (HR 1,77; p<0,001) y diabetes mellitus como causa de ERC (HR 1,63; p=0,002). Conclusiones. La supervivencia de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en HD y DP fue similar.

ABSTRACT Objective. To compare the survival of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis (HD) versus peritoneal dialysis (PD). Materials and methods. Survival analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients ≥ 18 years who started HD versus PD at the Victor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital from 2015 to 2019. We analyzed the following covariates: age, sex, diabetes mellitus as cause of CKD, temporary central venous catheter (CVC) as initial vascular access and glomerular filtration rate. Survival was calculated with Kaplan-Meier curves for the overall cohort and for age ≥ 60 years, diabetes mellitus as a cause of CKD and CVC. The risk of death was estimated by Hazard Ratio (HR) according to the Cox proportional hazards model for each covariate adjusted for dialysis type in a bivariate and multivariate analysis considering significant difference if the p-value < 0.05. Results. We included 368 patients on HD of whom 129 (35.1%) died, and 172 patients on PD of whom 66 (38.4%) died (p=0.455). The cumulative probability of survival at 60 months for HD was 30% and for PD was 37% with similar survival curves (p=0.719). The median survival time for HD was 32 months (IQR: 20-53) and for PD was 32.5 months (IQR: 18-57) (p=0.999). The covariates associated with higher mortality adjusted for dialysis type were age ≥60 years (HR 1.77; p<0.001) and diabetes mellitus as a cause of CKD (HR 1.63; p=0.002). Conclusions. Survival of patients with CKD on HD and PD was similar.

Infiltración linfocitaria tumoral como factor de buen pronóstico de supervivencia en pacientes con cáncer gástrico localmente avanzado / Tumor lymphocytic infiltration as a good prognostic factor for survival in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer

Introducción: La relación entre supervivencia e infiltración linfocitaria en el cáncer gástrico se ha determinado como factor pronóstico beneficioso, este estudio local tiene como objetivo determinar la probabilidad de supervivencia en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico estadios IB al IIIC de acuerdo con el porcentaje de infiltración linfocitaria tumoral. Metodología: El presente estudio longitudinal se realizó en el Hospital Oncológico Solón Espinosa Ayala Solca-Núcleo de Quito. El período de estudio de enero del 2013 a enero del 2016, el tiempo de seguimiento terminó en diciembre del 2018. El cálculo de la muestral fue no probabilístico en donde se incluyeron casos de pacientes mayores a 18 años con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico con estadios clínicos IB al IIIC, que contaron con una muestra histopatológica de gastrectomías. Se usó la variable: "Porcentaje de infiltración" para el análisis la muestra y se dividió en 3 grupos: G1: infiltración linfocitaria leve, G2: moderada y G3: intensa. Las estimaciones de supervivencia se calcularon utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier y la comparación entre los grupos con la prueba de rango logarítmico. Resultados: 173 pacientes con cáncer gástrico con estadios clínicos IB al IIIC, seguidos a 72 meses, el 60 % son hombres y el 40 % mujeres. Según el porcentaje de infiltración linfocitaria, el 52 % reportaron un porcentaje de infiltración leve, el 21 % moderada y el 27 % intensa. A los 72 meses de seguimiento la supervivencia en G1 fue del 31 %, en G2 fue del 48 %, y en G3 fue del 77 % (P= 0.001). Conclusión: Se encontró que el grado de infiltración linfocitaria intensa en los pacientes con cáncer gástrico estuvo asociado a una mejor supervivencia en el seguimiento a 72 meses.

Introduction: The relationship between survival and lymphocytic infiltration in gastric cancer has been determined to be a beneficial prognostic factor. This local study aims to assess the probability of survival in patients with gastric cancer stages IB to IIIC according to the percentage of lymphocytic infiltration. Methodology: This longitudinal study was conducted at the Solón Espinosa Ayala Solca-Núcleo Cancer Hospital in Quito. The study period was from January 2013 to January 2016; the follow-up time ended in December 2018. The sample calculation was nonprobabilistic and included cases of patients older than 18 diagnosed with gastric cancer with clinical stages IB at IIIC, which had a histo-pathological sample of gastrectomies. The variable "percentage of infiltration" was used to analyze the sample, and it was divided into three groups: G1: mild lymphocytic infiltration, G2: moderate, and G3: intense. Survival estimates were calculated using the Kaplan­Meier method and compared groups with the log-rank test. Results: A total of 173 patients with gastric cancer with clinical stages IB to IIIC were followed up for 72 months; 60% were men, and 40% were women. According to the percentage of lymphocytic infil-tration, 52% reported a rate of mild infiltration, 21% moderate, and 27% intense. At 72 months of follow-up, survival was 31% in G1, 48% in G2, and 77% in G3 (P= 0.001). Conclusion: The degree of intense lymphocytic infiltration in gastric cancer patients was associated with better survival at the 72-month follow-up.

Morbilidad y mortalidad de 599 pacientes con drepanocitosis en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología / Morbidity and mortality of 599 sickle cell disease patients in the Institute of Hematology and Immunology

Introducción: La drepanocitosis es la anemia hemolítica congénita más común del mundo. Entre el 5 y 15 por ciento de la población mundial es portadora de la hemoglobina S y en Cuba, la frecuencia es de 3,08 por ciento, lo que representa un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Caracterizar el cuadro clínico, el perfil hematológico y la probabilidad de supervivencia de los pacientes con drepanocitosis en el Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología. Método: Se realizó estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, que incluyó todos los enfermos seguidos, al menos dos años, en la institución, entre enero de 1973 y diciembre del 2009. Resultados: Se incluyeron 599 pacientes (285 masculinos), 439 SS/Sβ0tal y 160 SC/Sβ+tal. El seguimiento medio fue de 17,6±9,5 años. Predominaron los pacientes entre 20 y 59 años. Los eventos clínicos más frecuentes fueron las crisis vasoclusivas dolorosas, las infecciones, el síndrome torácico agudo y las complicaciones hepáticas. Los valores de reticulocitos, plaquetas, leucocitos y hemoglobina fetal fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes SS/Sβ0tal; no así la hemoglobina total que fue mayor en los SC/Sβ+tal. La probabilidad de supervivencia global de los pacientes a los 45 años fue de 69 por ciento. Los accidentes vasculares encefálicos (17,5 por ciento), las complicaciones hepáticas (17,5 por ciento) y las cardíacas (14,28 por ciento) fueron las principales causas de muerte. Conclusiones: La distribución demográfica y por hemoglobinopatías, el cuadro clínico, y el perfil hematológico fueron similares a los encontrados en pacientes de otras regiones geográficas, excepto la frecuencia de complicaciones hepáticas que fue mayor. La probabilidad de supervivencia fue similar con los mejores centros de atención en el mundo(AU)

Introduction: Sickle cell disease is the most common congenital hemolytic anemia in the world. Between 5 to 15 percent of the world population is a carrier of hemoglobin S and in Cuba, the frequency is 3.08 percent, which represents a public health problem. Objective: To characterize the clinical picture, the hematological profile, and the probability of survival of patients with sickle cell disease at the Institute of Hematology and Immunology. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out, which included all patients followed up for at least two years at the institution between January 1973 and December 2009. Results: 599 patients (285 male), 439 SS/Sβ0tal and 160 SC/Sβ+tal, were included. The mean follow-up was 17.6±9.5 years. Patients between 20 and 59 years old predominated. The most frequent clinical events were painful vasocclusive crises, infections, acute chest syndrome, and liver complications. The reticulocytes, platelets, leukocytes and fetal hemoglobin values ​​were significantly higher in the SS/Sβ0tal patients, but not the total hemoglobin, which was higher in the SC/Sβ+tal. The overall survival probability of patients at 45 years was 70 percent. Stroke (17.5 percent), liver complications (17.5 percent), and cardiac complications (14.28 percent) were the main causes of death. Conclusions: The demographic distribution and by hemoglobinopathies, the clinical events, and the hematological profile were similar to those found in patients from other geographic regions, except the frequency of liver complications, which was higher. The probability of survival was comparable with the best care centers in the world(AU)

Survival in Patients with Cirrhosis According to Etiology. Retrospective Cohort / Sobrevida en pacientes con cirrosis de acuerdo con su etiología. Cohorte retrospectiva

Abstract Introduction: Cirrhosis is the final stage of chronically progressive liver diseases of various etiologies. It is a common disease, with a variable prevalence in each country. Its peak incidence occurs between 40 and 50 years of age, predominantly in men. Aims: To compare a cohort of patients diagnosed with cirrhosis, evaluate their complications and survival according to etiology, describe clinical and laboratory aspects, and determine the role of a fatty liver. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out with patients who held a specialized hepatology consultation in the center of liver and digestive diseases (CEHYD) in Bogotá, Colombia, between January 2010 and June 2019. Results: We reviewed a total of 1,200 medical records (56.8 % women). There were no statistically significant differences in median survival between groups by etiology, sex, presence or absence of complications, or Child. We noted that the older the age at the diagnosis of cirrhosis, the higher the risk of death; HR 1.04 (95 % CI 1.02-1.075). For each month that follow-up increases, the risk of death decreases by 90 %; HR 0.1 (95 % CI 0.03-0.29). For each month that the follow-up of complications increases, the risk of death is reduced by 2 %; HR 0.98 (95 % CI 0.97-0.99). Conclusions: Survival by etiology was similar in the different groups. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was the leading cause of cirrhosis in this cohort. Efforts should focus on its diagnosis and management in the early stages.

Resumen Introducción: la cirrosis es el estadio final de enfermedades hepáticas crónicamente progresivas de diferentes etiologías. Es una enfermedad frecuente, con una prevalencia variable en cada país. Su pico de incidencia se presenta entre los 40 y 50 años, predominantemente en hombres. Objetivos: comparar una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis, evaluar sus complicaciones y sobrevida de acuerdo con su etiología, describir los aspectos clínicos y de laboratorio, y determinar el papel del hígado graso. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva, en donde se incluyeron pacientes que asistieron a consulta especializada de hepatología en el centro de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CEHYD), en la ciudad de Bogotá, durante enero de 2010 y junio de 2019. Resultados: se revisaron un total de 1200 historias clínicas (56,8 % mujeres). No se evidenció diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las medianas de sobrevida entre los grupos por etiologías, sexo, presencia o no de complicaciones, o Child. Se evidenció que entre mayor edad en el diagnóstico de cirrosis, el riesgo de muerte es mayor; HR 1,04 (IC 95 % 1,02-1,075). Por cada mes que aumenta el seguimiento se reduce el riesgo de muerte en 90 %; HR 0,1 (IC 95 % 0,03-0,29). Por cada mes que aumenta el seguimiento de las complicaciones se reduce el riesgo de muerte en 2 %; HR 0,98 (IC 95 % 0,97-0,99). Conclusiones: La sobrevida por etiología fue similar en los diferentes grupos. La esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (NASH) fue la principal causa de cirrosis en esta cohorte. Se deben orientar esfuerzos a su diagnóstico y manejo en fases tempranas.

Sedación paliativa en enfermedad terminal / Palliative sedation in terminal desease

Resumen Algunos pacientes con enfermedad terminal que están cerca del final de la vida pueden experimentar un sufrimiento intolerable dado por síntomas refractarios a las terapias paliativas específicas. La Sedación Paliativa (SP) se considera una modalidad de tratamiento eficaz para el manejo de estos síntomas refractarios cuando los esfuerzos agresivos no proporcionan alivio. La SP consiste en el uso de medicamentos que inducen sedación y disminución del nivel de conciencia con el objetivo de aliviar el sufrimiento intolerable en los últimos días de la vida. Los síntomas físicos refractarios más frecuentes son el dolor, delirium y disnea, sin embargo, la SP también se indica para tratar el sufrimiento existencial o la angustia psicológica, que es un problema extremadamente difícil y delicado. La SP ha sido ampliamente debatida por las obvias implicaciones éticas, socioculturales y de toma de decisiones. Se ha reportado que la SP se administra en una proporción que va del 2% al 52% de los pacientes con enfermedades terminales. Los estudios han sugerido que la SP es exitosa en el manejo de los síntomas intratables al final de la vida, no genera efectos perjudiciales sobre la supervivencia y es satisfactoria para los familiares.

Abstract Palliative sedation (PS) is frequently applied in some patients with terminal illness, who are near the end of life, to ameliorate unendurable and refractory distress; it is considered an effective treatment modality for the management of refractory symptoms when aggressive efforts do not provide relief. PS consists of the use of medications that induce sedation and decrease the level of consciousness with the aim of relieving intolerable suffering in the last days of life. The most frequent physical refractory symptoms are pain, delirium, and dyspnea, but PS is also indicated to treat existential suffering or psychological distress, which is an extremely difficult and delicate problem. PS has been widely debated given its obvious ethical, sociocultural, and decision-making implications. It has been reported that PS is given to 2-52% of patients with terminal illness; studies have suggested that PS is successful in managing intractable symptoms at the end of life, satisfactory for family members, and does not have detrimental effects on survival.